William Wells Newell's article "The Ignis Fatuus, Its Character and Legendary Origin” (1904) gives a detailed history of the term "jack-o'-lantern" and recalls many of the legends surrounding "Jack", who was usually a blacksmith who outwitted the Devil. When Jack finally died, he was denied entrance into both Heaven and Hell, and was given only a hell-coal and turnip (or pumpkin) lantern to light his way through his eternal darkness.